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Figure 2 Two arrangements of deep hole bottom hole
1-lower roadway; 2-deep hole
Figure 2 å ‘ 底 bottom column structure
1-Electric sluice roadway; 2-bell neck; 3- gully roadway;
4-medium deep hole; 5-Peach shaped pillar; 6-å ‘å¡å¡
Figure 3 "Human" glyph method
1-Electric sluice roadway; 2-rock drilling patio; 3-cut patio; 4-medium deep hole
Figure 4 "D" shape groove method
1-Electrical roadway; 2-cutting roadway; 3-cutting patio; 4-medium deep hole
In order to improve the production capacity of the ore and adapt to the characteristics of this mining method, the use of circular transport systems is often used in the stage of transportation. In the circular transportation system, there are two forms of loading and transporting the roadway and loading the roadway along the vein. The two forms are better in the former. The advantage is that since the ore-discharging well is arranged in the tunnel, the transportation is not disturbed by the loading, and the transportation capacity is large. In addition, the tunnel can be used for prospecting. The disadvantage is that the amount of mining is large. When determining the length of the tunnel for transporting the veins, the entire train should be transported through the veins during loading, so as not to hinder the passage of other vehicles along the roadway. The spacing of the tunnels through the veins should be adapted to the layout, length and spacing of the roadway.
Each of the ore blocks (some mines according to the mining area) is equipped with a set of patios for pedestrians, ventilation and transportation of materials and equipment, which are connected with the roadway of each section and the electric roadway of each section. Install a fixed lifting device in one of the patios to improve working conditions.
There are two layouts for mines. The first type is that each section of the electric roadway has an independent mineway, and the second type of upper and lower sections of the electric roadway is connected to the mine shaft through the branching well. The upper mouth of the ore-boring well should be biased to one side of the electric roadway, so that the other side has a pedestrian passage of not less than 1.0m wide. The ore-boring wells are mostly vertical and easy to construct. If inclined sloping wells are used, the inclined angle of the large-length chute should be not less than 60°, and the chute with a small length should be no less than 55°.
The location and quantity of rock tunnels and diverticulum mainly depend on the mining mode, rock drilling equipment performance and ore masonability, geological structure and so on. It should be combined with specific conditions, according to the principle of minimum engineering quantity, optimum rock drilling efficiency and best blasting quality.
Electric roadway, bucket and neck are arranged in each sub-column. Their use is to mine, mine, secondary crush and transport ore to transport levels. When mining medium-thickness, inclined or gently inclined ore bodies, these ore-extracting roadways are generally arranged in the rock below the ore body without leaving a bottom column. Whether the layout of the mining roadway is reasonable and the quality of the construction is directly related to the production capacity of the ore block, the recovery rate of the ore, the safety of the mining operation and the cost of mining ore.
Cutting refers to the work of digging the compensation space and expanding the funnel (or digging the trench).
When using the horizontal deep hole ore plan, the compensation space volume is determined according to the following formula.
V 1 =(k s -1)V
Where k s is the coefficient of expansion of the ore;
V 1 - compensation space volume, m 3 ;
V—the volume before the blasting of the ore to be collapsed, m 3 .
When using free space blasting, the volume of swell is about 30% of the original volume before collapse. When using blasting, the compensation ratio can be less than this number.
The method of pulling the bottom is shown in Figure 1. Usually, the bottoming road is dig at the level of the bottom, and the horizontal deep hole is drilled. The minimum resistance line is 1.2-1.5m. Three blastholes are arranged in each row, and the bottom road is used as the free surface. Each blasting is 3~5 shots. Holes form a bottomed space. When the bottoming area is large, temporary pillars can also be left in the bottoming range. The pillar is blasted together with the upper back ore; if it is not allowed to form a large horizontal compensation space before the mining falls, the space of the bottoming tunnel is generally used as the compensation space. The specific method is to dig into groups of alleys and cross-tracks at the bottom level, and drill deep holes in the pillars between the roadway and the cross-track. These deep holes are blasted in the same way as the deep holes of the mining and mining mines. A cushion layer and a compensation space are formed. It must be pointed out that even if the vertical deep hole mining plan is used for extrusion blasting, the bottoming work should be done well, because the bottoming is not only to create the necessary conditions for the mining, but also to create conditions for smooth mining.
The method of expanding the funnel is generally a medium-deep hole blasting method. The edge hole inclination should be no less than 55°. When the ore is stable, the expansion funnel can be carried out before the mining blasting. It is also possible to use a shallow hole expansion funnel; when the ore rock is not stable, the middle and deep holes of the expansion funnel should be blasted in the same manner as the mining and mining.
The trench is formed by drilling the vertical upward fan-shaped medium-deep hole and the mining and falling mining in the same way in the gully roadway, as shown in Figure 2. As can be seen from the figure, the construction process of this structure is relatively simple, and compared with the funnel bottom column structure, it combines the two processes of pulling the bottom and expanding the funnel. Workers have good working conditions, high efficiency, and easy to ensure the quality of construction, so the use is more common. However, due to the large cutting of the bottom column and the strong effect of the blasting, there is a certain influence on the stability of the bottom column.
When the vertical deep hole mining plan and the bottom structure of the trench are adopted, the vertical cutting groove (referred to as the vertical groove) must be excavated in order to dig the free surface and compensate the space for the mining and mining. According to the mutual position of the cutting well and the cutting lane, the excavation method of the vertical trough can be divided into two types: "human" shaped troughing method and "d" shaped troughing method.
(1) The "human" gravure drawing method, as shown in Figure 3, is mostly used for inclined ore bodies with a medium thickness or more. From the gully roadway, according to the predetermined cutting groove contour, the two inclined patios are oppositely drilled, and the two patios form an inverted "human" shape. The patio next to the lower plate is used for rock drilling, and the other patio serves as a free surface for the blast and a compensation space. The self-drilling rock pit is drilled parallel to the middle and deep holes of the other patio, and the blasting holes form a vertical groove. This cutting method has the advantages of less engineering quantity, high utilization of blastholes, and small amount of waste rock cutting, but the working conditions of rock drilling are not good and the efficiency is low.
(2) "D" shape groove drawing method, as shown in Figure 4. The tunneling and cutting patios form an inverted "D" shape. The self-cutting cross-drilling is drilled parallel to the upper vertical parallel deep hole of the cutting patio to cut the patio as a free surface and a compensation space, and the blasting holes form a vertical groove. The section of the cutting lane is usually dependent on the equipment used and the length depends on the extent of the vertical tank. The position of the cutting patio is determined according to the stability of the ore, the conditions of the mining, and the number of rows of blastholes on both sides of the patio. Compared with the "human" glyph method, the troughing method has good rock drilling conditions and convenient operation, so it is applied more.
There are two steps for forming the vertical groove: one is to form the vertical groove and then perform the recovery blasting. It has the advantage of directly observing the excavation quality of the vertical trough and taking timely remedial measures. The shortcoming is that the ore stability is high, so the actual use is not much; the second is the formation of the vertical trough and the mining and mining of the same sub-stage blasting. Its advantages and disadvantages are exactly the opposite of the first one, so the quality requirements for cutting deep hole rock blasting should be more stringent. This is used more in the actual production of the mine.
The vertical trough should be arranged in the moderate position of the blasting section, so that the compensation space is distributed as evenly as possible, and generally arranged in the part where the thickness of the ore body is large or the turning occurs and the ore is stable. If the lateral extrusion blasting scheme is adopted, the length of the ore body is not very long, and the thickness change is not large, then each section only needs to be arranged in the first ore block; if the thickness of the ore body changes greatly , the number of vertical troughs should be increased according to the shape of the ore body.